India has 29 States and 7 Union Territories. One of them is the state of Jammu & Kashmir. It has a unique status for being the only Muslim majority state. This reason has caused a big international controversy between India and Pakistan, as both control different parts of this state and at the same time, claim the part that they do not control.
Kashmir was a part of the Mughal Empire for nearly two centuries until 1750s. Due to its beauty and climate, it was a favourite haunt of the Mughal emperors. In 1753 Durranis of Afghanistan conquered it and ruled it till 1819 (probably only the Kashmir valley and not the Jammu region). That year Sikhs under Maharaja Ranjit Singh conquered it. Sikh rule turned out to be oppressive and many anti Muslim steps were taken. Taxes were high and general population had minimal rights. Jamia Masjid in Srinagar was closed and calling azaan was banned. Punishment for cow slaughter was death.
Jammu was already under the Sikh control since 1780. The descendants of the last raja, joined the service of Ranjit Singh and rose to prominent positions. One of them Gulab Singh was made the governor of Jammu and played a great role in the conquest of Kashmir Valley and Ladakh for the Sikh government of Lahore. After the death of Ranjit Singh the chaos prevailing in Lahore Darbar and factional infighting gave opportunity to Dogras to increase their power in Jammu region and they become autonomous rulers of this region.
In 1845 the first Anglo Sikh war broke out and resulted in the defeat of the Sikh State. In consequence the Sikhs lost Jullundur Doab to the British and also agreed to pay Rs 10 million as indemnity. They also agreed to keep a British resident at Lahore Darbar to look after the and control the affairs of the state.
During this all crisis, the attitude and the role played by Gulab Singh, made him a favourite of the East India Company rulers. He not only gained full control of Jammu Subah but also took control of Kashmir valley, in return of Rs 7.5 million payment to the British. Thus the State of Jammu & Kashmir was created under the British rule. This treaty is called Treaty of Amritsar. The Dogra rule was no less than a nightmare for Muslims of the state. British of that era agree that the Dogra rule was the most oppressive and incompetent in the whole India. Muslims were virtually slaves, crushed under the heavy taxes and had no rights what so ever. Bondage labour and inhumane punishments were order of the day. Even the cases of skinning alive were reported.
To sum up the situation I would like to quote Sir Albion Rajkumar Banerjee, who was appointed as Diwan of Jammu & Kahsmir in 1927, but resigned in 1929 on moral grounds. He says:
“Jammu and Kashmir state is labouring under many disadvantages, with a large Mohammedan population absolutely illiterate, labouring under poverty and very low economic conditions of living in the villages, and practically governed like dumb driven cattle. There is no touch between the government and the people, no suitable opportunity for representing grievances... The administration has at present no or little sympathy with people's wants and grievances...” [Wikipedia]
Jammu was already under the Sikh control since 1780. The descendants of the last raja, joined the service of Ranjit Singh and rose to prominent positions. One of them Gulab Singh was made the governor of Jammu and played a great role in the conquest of Kashmir Valley and Ladakh for the Sikh government of Lahore. After the death of Ranjit Singh the chaos prevailing in Lahore Darbar and factional infighting gave opportunity to Dogras to increase their power in Jammu region and they become autonomous rulers of this region.
In 1845 the first Anglo Sikh war broke out and resulted in the defeat of the Sikh State. In consequence the Sikhs lost Jullundur Doab to the British and also agreed to pay Rs 10 million as indemnity. They also agreed to keep a British resident at Lahore Darbar to look after the and control the affairs of the state.
During this all crisis, the attitude and the role played by Gulab Singh, made him a favourite of the East India Company rulers. He not only gained full control of Jammu Subah but also took control of Kashmir valley, in return of Rs 7.5 million payment to the British. Thus the State of Jammu & Kashmir was created under the British rule. This treaty is called Treaty of Amritsar. The Dogra rule was no less than a nightmare for Muslims of the state. British of that era agree that the Dogra rule was the most oppressive and incompetent in the whole India. Muslims were virtually slaves, crushed under the heavy taxes and had no rights what so ever. Bondage labour and inhumane punishments were order of the day. Even the cases of skinning alive were reported.
To sum up the situation I would like to quote Sir Albion Rajkumar Banerjee, who was appointed as Diwan of Jammu & Kahsmir in 1927, but resigned in 1929 on moral grounds. He says:
“Jammu and Kashmir state is labouring under many disadvantages, with a large Mohammedan population absolutely illiterate, labouring under poverty and very low economic conditions of living in the villages, and practically governed like dumb driven cattle. There is no touch between the government and the people, no suitable opportunity for representing grievances... The administration has at present no or little sympathy with people's wants and grievances...” [Wikipedia]
Then came the cataclysmic year of 1947. Against the wishes of large majority of its population, ignoring geographical considerations and against the principle of the partition of India, Hari Singh the ruler of Kashmir decided to accede to India, thus laid the foundation of a dispute which has kept the South Asia in a constant state of tensions, wars and arms race.
In January when I thought of writing this post, the first problem I encountered was incomplete data about the religious demographics of J&K. The figures available were only for the districts, but I wanted figures on tehsil level. At this stage the help came from an unexpected source. Mr Edin Radoncic is a Bosnian scholar based in Sarajveo, he read my blog and sent me a message, appreciating my work. He also sent me two great books written by him. The one is World Almanac Of The Demographic History of Muslims and the second is Twice a Stranger; Greece Turkey And The Minorities They Expelled. On my request he provided me the complete data of population of Kashmir on Tehsil level. So I was able to write this post. He can be contacted at edinradoncic1@hotmail.com.
As the name of this state itself suggests it is a combination of two regions that are Jammu & Kashmir. Besides that there are at least three other regions that form the parts of erstwhile princely state, that are Ladakh, Gilgit and Baltistan. A large portion of Ladakh is controlled by China and is called Aksai Chin. The following map shows the current political situation of Kashmir.
Now the first two maps show the population of Muslims in Indian controlled Kashmir.
The next two maps show the population of Hindus in the state.
The following map shows the simple religious majorities in all parts of Kashmir:
For the data of each and every tehsil of J&K the tables given below:
J&K is not only religiously diverse, it is more diverse linguistically as the map given below shows:
The above map shows that Kashmiris speaking people are overwhelmingly Muslims, while Hindus are mostly Dogras.
I hope the people interested in the affairs of Kashmir will find above maps and data useful. I shall welcome any additional information provided or any inaccuracy pointed out.
In January when I thought of writing this post, the first problem I encountered was incomplete data about the religious demographics of J&K. The figures available were only for the districts, but I wanted figures on tehsil level. At this stage the help came from an unexpected source. Mr Edin Radoncic is a Bosnian scholar based in Sarajveo, he read my blog and sent me a message, appreciating my work. He also sent me two great books written by him. The one is World Almanac Of The Demographic History of Muslims and the second is Twice a Stranger; Greece Turkey And The Minorities They Expelled. On my request he provided me the complete data of population of Kashmir on Tehsil level. So I was able to write this post. He can be contacted at edinradoncic1
As the name of this state itself suggests it is a combination of two regions that are Jammu & Kashmir. Besides that there are at least three other regions that form the parts of erstwhile princely state, that are Ladakh, Gilgit and Baltistan. A large portion of Ladakh is controlled by China and is called Aksai Chin. The following map shows the current political situation of Kashmir.
Now the first two maps show the population of Muslims in Indian controlled Kashmir.
The next two maps show the population of Hindus in the state.
The following map shows the simple religious majorities in all parts of Kashmir:
For the data of each and every tehsil of J&K the tables given below:
J&K is not only religiously diverse, it is more diverse linguistically as the map given below shows:
The above map shows that Kashmiris speaking people are overwhelmingly Muslims, while Hindus are mostly Dogras.
I hope the people interested in the affairs of Kashmir will find above maps and data useful. I shall welcome any additional information provided or any inaccuracy pointed out.
The %age of Muslims under Jammu/Dodha is wrong
ReplyDeleteThe Ruling political dispensation of India (Hindoosthan) is a front of the RSS (a quasi wanna be Nazi party).The RSS in its documented history and intellectual posits has admired,co-opted and co-owned Hitler – not merely as a Role Model – but as a Kalki Avatar (re-incarnate) – or an Avatar of Vishnoo – the Hindoo God !
ReplyDeleteThe “SS part” of the RSS is a lift from the Nazi SS and the “R” stands for “Rats”
The RSS is infested by the vermins of the Brahmin/Bania/Kayastha triad – which represent the priestly and trading classes of Hindoosthan who never fought a war for their nation – but incited the same and also carried out the largest unknown genocide in History – that of the Buddhists
The Bhagwad Gita (the REAL Constitution of the Hindoos) JUSTIFIES genocide, w/o remorse,guilt and WITH DIVINE SANCTION.The Indian Military and Para Military,is a race of criminal mercenaries called Kshatriyas – who were the offspring of rapes by the Huns,Mongols,Sakas, Scythians,Persians, Parthinians,Greeks 1500-2000 years ago.These illegitimate litter of rapes and incest, were discarded by their races and interbred interse and intra se, and were treated as outcastes for centuries – until the Brahmins co-opted them as criminal mass murderers (around 1080 years ago) – and who are now in Kashmir – for their FINAL SOLUTION !
These mercenaries were used 1800 years ago by the Brahmins to extetrminate the Buddhists as atheists and followers
of a false prophet !
Nazis are on record JUSTIFYING their actions based on the “thesis” of the Bhagwad Gita, which is explained in this note.
History Records that the Nazis were “ALSO inspired” by the Gita, per se
https://dindooohindoo.page.tl/Nazis-and-Gita.htm
Why the “Nazis and Hitler and Himmler”, love the Gita
“Dindoo Hindoo Bindoo Gandoos” consider “Hitler to be a Vishnoo Avatar”
The scene is played – when Krishna the Bhagvat (Hindoo God) was fed up trying to explain to “Arjuna the – why he “needed to exterminate his foes” – this was the “last attempt” in the 18th Chapter of the Gita – and the logic to justify mass murder and genocide, is as under (note the culminating crescendo in 18.1.7 below) :
Lumen Naturale 1 – There are “5 precedents to sense-perception and action”
मूल श्लोकः
शरीरवाङ्मनोभिर्यत्कर्म प्रारभते नरः।
न्याय्यं वा विपरीतं वा पञ्चैते तस्य हेतवः।।18.15।।
18.14 The locus as also the agent, the different kinds of organs, the many and distinct activities, and, the “divine is here the fifth”.
Lumen Naturale 2 – There “5 are causes of all action” and are “independent of the mind and body dualism” of Descartes and “also the Soul “!
मूल श्लोकः
यस्य नाहंकृतो भावो बुद्धिर्यस्य न लिप्यते।
हत्वापि स इमाँल्लोकान्न हन्ति न निबध्यते।।18.17।।
18.15 For whatever action a man undertakes by his body, speech and mind, whether right or wrong,i.e., enjoined or forbidden by the Sastras, “the following five”, are its causes:
Lumen Naturale 3 – Hence,you can “kill,murder and rape” – provided it is done with “no ego and no feelings “- for it is the “Act of the Divine” ! Just like the Nazis ! “Heil Krishna,the Bhagwat “!
मूल श्लोकः
अधिष्ठानं तथा कर्ता करणं च पृथग्विधम्।
विविधाश्च पृथक्चेष्टा दैवं चैवात्र पञ्चमम्।।18.14।।
18.17 He who has not the “feeling of egoism”, whose intellect is not tainted, he does not kill, nor does he become bound-“even by killing these creatures” !
Sir, 2011 Census data is available now in full detail. Also new districts were carved out. The 2011 census data is based on new districts. Kindly update the map and tables.
ReplyDeleteI want updated blank Tehsil map of India administered Jammu Kashmir. Where can I get that?